LECTURE 1

LEXICOLOGY AS A SCIENCE.

                                       PLAN:

l. The subject matter of lexicology.

2. Types of lexicology.

3. The connection of lexicology with other aspects of the

language.

4.The relationships existing between words.

5.Diachronic and synchronic approaches to the study of the vocabulary of the language.

6.The methods of linguistic research used in lexicology.

7. Subdivisions of lexicology.

                               Key words: 

1. General                                         9. Syntagmatic

2. Special                           10. Paradigmatic

3. Descriptive                                   11. Relationship

4. Historical                                     12. Approach

5. Comparative                                13. Diachronic

6. Connection                                  14. Synchronic

7. Communication                          15. Subdivision.

8. Arrangement of phonemes 
 
  

       Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, which studies the vocabulary of a language. Its basic task is to study the origin, the different properties of the vocabulary of a language. In other words, lexicology is concerned with words and  set phrases which function in speech. Lexicology also studies all kinds of semantic relations (synonyms, antonyms etc) and semantic grouping (semantic fields). Etymologically the word «lexicology» is a Greek word: «Lexic» means «word» and «logos» -learning. 

       There are 5 types of lexicology: 1) general; 2) special; 3) descriptive; 4) historical; 5) comparative.

       General lexicology is a part of general linguistics, which studies the general properties of words, the specific features of words of any particular language. It studies the peculiarities of words common to all the languages. General lexicology attempts to find out the universals of vocabulary development and patterns. Linguistic phetio Mena and properties common to all languages are generally called language universals.

       Special lexicology deals with the words of a definite language. Ex.: English lexicology, Russian lexicology, Uzbek lexicology and so on. Descriptive lexicology studies the words at a synchronic aspect. It is concerned with the vocabulary of a language, as they exist airehe present time. Historical or diachronic lexicology deals with the development of the vocabulary and the changes it has undergone. Ex. In descriptive lexicology the words «to take», «to adopt» are considered as being English not differing from such native words as «child», «foot», «stone» etc. But in historical lexicology they are treated as borrowed words.

       Comparative lexicology deals with the properties of the vocabulary of two or more languages. In comparative lexicology the main characteristic features of the words of two or more languages are compared. Ex. Russian - English lexicology, English - French lexicology and etc.

       Lexicology is closely connected with other aspects of the language: grammar, phonetics, the history of the language and stylistics. Lexicology is connected with grammar because the word seldom occurs in isolation. Words alone do not form communication. It is only when words are connected and joined in the grammar rules of a language communication becomes possible. On the other hand grammatical form and function in the word affect its lexical meaning. For example. Then the verb «go» in the continuous tenses is follow-by «to» and an infinitive, it expresses a future action. Ex. He is not going to read this book. Participle II of the verb «go» following the link verb «be» denotes the negative meaning. Ex. The house is gone. So the lexical meanings of the words are grammatically conditioned. Lexicology is linked with phonetics because the order and the arrangement of phonemes are related to its meaning. Ex. The words «tip» and «pit» consist of the same phonemes and it is the arrangement of phonemes, alone which determines the meaning of the words. The arrangement of phonemes in the words «increase» and «increase» is the same. Only stress determines the difference in meaning. 

        Lexicology is also closely linked with the history of the language. In examining the word «information » in terms of its historical development we establish its French origin and study the changes in its semantic and morphological structures. If we do not know the history of the language it will be very difficult to establish different changes in the meaning and form of the words, which have undergone in the course of the historical development of the language.

        There is also a close relationship between lexicology and stylistics. The words «to begin» and «to commence» mean one and the same meaning but they can never be used interchangeable because they have different stylistic references.

        The relationship existing between words may be either syntagmatic or paradigmatic. The syntagmatic relationship is found in the context. The context is the minimum stretch of speech, which is necessary to bring out the meaning of a word. Ex. Take tea (hoh hhmok - iihtb nan), take tram (TpaMBafi^a lopMOK - exaTB Ha TpaMBae).

        The paradigmatic relationship is the relations between words within the vocabulary: polysemy, synonymy and antonym of words etc. There are two approaches to the study of the study of the vocabulary of a language - diachronic and synchronic.

        Synchronic approaches deals with the vocabulary, as it exists at a given time, at the present time. The diachronic approach studies the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time. Ex. Synchronically the words «help», «accept», «work», «produce» are all of them English words.

        But diachronically they came from different languages. Such word as «childhood», «kingdom», «friendship»,  «freedom» were at one time compound words because the suffixes-dom, -hood, - ship were independent words but synchronically they are derived words because «dom» and «hood» became suffixes.

        In the 19^th century and at the beginning of the 20^th century lexicology was mainly based on historical principles. At the present time the following method of linguistic research are widely used by lexicologists: distributional, transformational, analysis into immediate constituents, statistical, componential, comparative etc.

        The choice of the method in each case depends on what method will yield the most reliable results in each particular case.

        Lexicology has some subdivisions such as:

        1) Semasiology (deals with the meaning of the word);

        2) Word formation (studies all possible ways of the formation of new words in English);

        3) Etymology (studies the origin of words);

        4) Phraseology (studies the set-expressions, phraseological units);

        5) Lexicolography (studies compiling dictionaries).

        Comparative study of different peculiarities of English words with words of other languages shows that there are various symptoms of this contrast between English and other languages. 

The word formation, the semantic structure of correlated words and their usage in speech are different in different languages. Every language has its own lexical system. Not all the meanings, which, the English word has, may be found in its corresponding word in Uzbek. For example, compare the meanings of the word «hand» and it's corresponding.  

Word «қул».

Hand 

1) кул (рука); 2) хайвонларнинг   1) одамнинг бармоқ, учларидан

олдинги оёклари (лапа); 3)тараф  елкагача булган кисми, аъзоси

(сторона, положение) 4)бошкариш  (рука); 2) хайвонларнинг олдинги

(контрольвласть); 5) розилик, ваъда оёкдари (лапа); 3) бармок (палец); 

(согласие, обещание); 6) ёрдам  4) хар кимнинг ёзув усули (почерк);

(помощь); 7) бир уйинчини кулидаги 5) имзо (подпись); 6) иш усули

карта (карты, исходящиеся  на руках (приём работы); 7) ихтиёр, изм

у одного игрока); 8) ишчи (рабочий); (воля); 8) имконият 

9) денгизчи (матрос); 10) бажарувчи  

шахе (исполнитель, автор); 11) бир

туда одам (компания, группа);

12) уста (мастер); 13) эпчиллик

(ловкость); 14) ёзув, хат (почерк);

15) карсаклар (аплодисменты);

16) манба (источник); 17) соат 
стрелкаси (стрелка); 18) курсаткич 
(указатель); 19) канот (крыло); 
20) боглам, даста (пучок); 21) кафт 
(ладонь); 22) сон гушт (окорок); 
23) жилов (повод). 
 

       As can be seen from the above only some meanings may be described as identical but others are different.

       There is also close relationship between lexicology and stylistics. The words "to begin" and "to commence" mean one and the same meaning but they can never be used interchangeable because they have different stylistic references. 
 

 QUESTION 

1) What is the subject matter of lexicology?

2) What types of lexicology do you know?

3) What is the difference between general and special lexicologies?

4) What is the difference between descriptive and historical lexicologies?

5) What is the difference between comparative and noncomparative lexicologies?

6) What is the difference between the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships in words?

7) What do you know about diachronic and synchronic approaches to the study of the vocabulary of the language?

8) What is the method of linguistic analysis used in modern lexicology?

9) What can you say about the connection of lexicology with other aspects of the language?

10) How is lexicology connected with grammar (phonetics, stylistics and history of the language)? 
 
  

Tests for self – control:  

1. The subject matter of lexicology is … 

A. semantic relations

B. semantic grouping

C. phrases

D. to study the origin, different properties of the vocabulary of a language. 

2. There are … types lexicology 

A. 3

B. 4.

C. 5.

D. 2 

3. General lexicology studies … 

A. development of the vocabulary

B. vocabulary of two or more languages

C. the words of a definite language.

D. general properties and specific features of words of language. 

4. special lexicology deals with … 

A. vocabulary of two or more languages.

B. the words of a definite language.

C. development of the vocabulary.

D. general properties and specific features. 

5. Comparative lexicology studies … 

A. general properties and specific features.

B. history of the language.

C. vocabulary of two or more languages.

D. the words of a definite language. 

6. Lexicology is connected with grammar because … 

A. phonemes are related to its meaning.

B. the word seldom occurs in isolation.

С. They study the origin of words.

D. They study the set expressions. 

7. Lexicology is connected with the history of the language because. 

A. in terms of its historical development we establish words origin and study its changes.

B. words of two or more languages are compared.

C. they both study the words of a definite language.

D. phonemes are relates to its meaning. 
 RECOMMENDED LITERATURE 

1. Г. 3. Гинзбург, С. С. Хидекель, Г. Ю. Князева,

А. А. Санкин. Лексикология Английского языка. М., 1979. 

2. М. И. Фомина. Современный русский язык. Лексикология. М., 1983. 

3. Дж. Буранов. Сравнительная типология английского и тюркских языков. М., 1983.

4. I. V. Arnold. The English word. M., 1986.  

5. Nowakovsky M. The lexicon and contrastive language studies. Theoretical Issues in contrastive linguistics. Amsterdam, 1980. 

6. I. Buranov, A. Muminov. A practical course in English lexicology. Tashkent, 1990.